A transducer is an electronic device which transforms energy from one form to another. For instance, position and pressure sensors, antenna microphones, loudspeakers and thermometers. Photocells, LEDs (light-emitting diodes), and even common light bulbs are also transducers, even though this is not a common knowledge.
Importance of Transducer:
The transducers in a speaker convert electrical signals into acoustic sound.
A transducer is used in the antenna to convert electromagnetic waves into an electrical signal.
A transducer measures load on the engines
Transducers are used in an ultrasound machine
They are used to detect the movement of muscles, this process is known as acceleromyograph.
Factors to consider while selecting a transducer:
Transducers should have high input impedance and low output impedance to avoid the loading effect.
A transducer should be highly sensitive to desired signals and insensitive to unwanted signals.
Transducers should be able to work in corrosive environments.
The transducer circuit should have overload protection to withstand overloads.
We have two types of transducer:
1) Input Transducer:
2) Output Transducer:
Vehicle for example transforms electricity into motion while a lamp transforms electricity into light. An output transducer, or an actuator, absorbs electrical signals and converts them into other forms of energy.
Note: Input transducer is a sensor while output transducer is an actuator
Transducer Efficiency:
Mathematically, if A represents the total power input and Q represents the power output in the desired form, then the efficiency E as a ratio would be calculated as;
E = Q/A
If E% represents the efficiency as a percentage, then:
E% = 100Q/A
Efficiency is a crucial factor in any transducer.
One of the worse transducers is incandescent lamps, a 100-watt bulb radiates only a few watts in the form of visible light. Most of the power is dissipated as heat; a small amount is radiated in the UV (ultraviolet) spectrum. This is because no transducer is 100 percent efficient, some power is usually lost in the process of conversion, commonly this loss is manifested in the form of heat.
How exactly does a transducer work?
Let's take for instance, a sound or audio transducer in a loudspeaker which generates sound waves from electrical energy. So energy is transformed from one form into energy of another form: from an electric current to wave-shaped changes in air pressure (sound). For this purpose, the speaker membrane – the visible part of a transducer – is induced to vibrate with a very specific deflection and frequency.
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The diaphragm in speakers or headphones is usually connected to a moving coil. This is made to oscillate by the alternating current. The alternating current comes from a converter that “translates” the audio signals into electrical pulses. Depending on the storage medium, a different type of converter does this work:
Advantages of converting a physical quantity into an electrical signal:
Advantages of converting a physical quantity into an electrical signal:
Electrical signals process less friction error.
Small power is needed to control the electrical systems.
Amplification and attenuation of electrical signals are easy.
Electrical signals are easily transmitted and processed for measurement.
A transducer is needed because;
The major service of transducers is to transform a physical force into an electrical signal so that it can be easily handled and transmitted for measurement.
It is certainly hard to figure out the accurate magnitude of physical forces such as temperature and pressure. However, if these physical forces are transformed into an electrical signal, then their values can be easily figured using a meter.
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